Anthropology Essays (1199 words) - Marxist Theory, Marxian Economics

Anthropology Transcending the Barriers "My primary interest is to explain something out there that impinges me, and I would sell my soul to the devil if I thought it would help." Eric Wolf, 1987. Eric Wolf's interest into the realm of anthropology emerged upon recognition of the theorist- imposed boundaries, encompassing both theories and subjects, which current and past anthropological scholars had constructed. These boundaries, Wolf believed, were a result of theorist tending to societies and cultures as fixed entities?static, bounded and autonomous, rather then describing and interpreting societies within a state of constant change, ceaselessly vulnerable to external influence, and always interconnected with other societies. Yet to transcend current anthropological theories and boundaries, and to explain this interconnectedness, in attempt to understand the world, Wolf believed three criteria must be met: 1) To trace the world market and the course of capitalist development, 2) To develop this theory of this growth and development and finally, one must be able to relate both the history and theory of that unfolding development to processes that affect and change the lives of local populations Wolf, 1982:21) By tracing the formation of Wolf's theory through these criteria, from Marxist and beyond, one can see how, although Marxist in orientation, he goes beyond current anthropological theory and attempts to diminish the boundaries, by suggesting that a political economic theory laden with history in a macrocosomic context is the only means in which one can begin to attempt to understand the world. Capitalist Development The influence of Lewis Henry Morgon and his unilinear version of social evolution posed as the backbone for Karl Marx and Fred Engels. Yet rather then transcending from the primitive to the civilized upon "the classification of cultures into seven distinct ethical periods" based on the development of subsistence techniques (Kuper, 66), Marx and Engels based their course of creation from primitive communism, through to feudalism and capitalism judged in terms of the "Modes of Production" which dominated each stage. It was these "Modes of Production", referring to the specific technologies, which form the base or the "infrastructure" of a society. From this base, Marx purposed a "Superstructure Theory" in which the base determines the superstructure, that is laws and government, while both the Superstructure and the Base determine the ideology, the philosophies, religion and the ideals that are prevalent in society. In other words, the economic base provided the cultural superstructure, thus culture could only be understood by drawing upon the changing nature of human production and reproduction, which inevitably is controlled by those in which power is invested-read the ruling class. Change or advancement towards the teleological goal of civilization therefore became a class struggle, those with little power, against those with power. To maintain this power, Marx believed, the ruling class will resort to whatever means they can, especially through futility in ideological mystification, resulting in the construction of a false consciousness, or a false belief of the lower class. This false consciousness and false belief resulted eventually in a conceptualized delusion, subjecting them [the lower class] unconsciously to the dominant ideals of society-a concept also known to Gramsci as "Hegemony". Growth of a Theory Wolf adapted this Marxist approach in his theorizing, that is paying attention to the fundamental dynamics of change and phenomena such as exploitation, domination and colonialism from the get- go of his anthropological inquiry. In his Ph.D dissertation (1951) while probing into the lives of Puerto Rican societies and cultures he suggested that communities and their socio-cultural traits could not be completely understood without analyzing the impact of existing forces such as national power relations, international trade and world markets (Abbink, 95) It was through these forces which he saw us as all interconnected. From his fieldwork with peasants he discovered that these smaller communities form a central component of larger, more complex societies. Therefore occurrences at local levels needed to be understood in terms of reactions of the local people to the economic and political forces expelled from the larger societies, as it is these larger societies which are subjecting the smaller societies to a false consciousness based on the ideology of those in power. Communities which form part of a complex society can thus be viewed no longer as self-contained and integrated systems in their own right. It is more appropriate to view them as the local termini of a web of group relations which extend through intermediate levels from the level of the community to that of the nation. In the community itself, these relationships may be wholly tangential to each other (Wolf, 1956). This notion of

Violence in Schools essays

Violence in Schools essays A large number of Australian schools have been taking actions to prevent violence in schools. In the last ten years in American schools there has been an increase in school shootings, where students have opened fire on their own classmates. Is Australia headed down the same path and if so what are we doing to prevent these scary incidents from occurring? In America a range of measures have been taken to stop violence in schools. The action in the fight to prevent shootings in schools has been so large that school budgets in America have used to install metal detectors and hire security staff, instead of textbooks and educational resources. It was estimated that in the mid nineties over 100,000 students carried guns to school in America alone. There were 55 students killed in 1992 by fellow classmates and the mid nineties the number had risen to an all time high. Then America started to take action. Today however around twenty students are killed in American schools each year. So we may ask why do these events still occur, even after large sums of money have been spent to try and stop them? It is more than likely due to Americas strong gun movement and high crime levels. In America the laws for having guns are not as rigid and therefore it is extremely easy for youth to get their hands on illegal lethal firearms. However we are yet to see these kinds of mass school shootings in Australia but whose to say it wont happen. What actions have been taken in Australia and what are we doing to prevent such a tragedy? In South Australia and Melbourne a project called CNC (Creating New Choices) has been developed in the effort to stop violence in the education area. It is the pioneer of its kind and supported by Berry Street Child and Family Services. They are one of Victoria's largest independent, non-government welfare organizations. The project works with 2-3 schools at one time. It helps by making p ...

Disaster rescue plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Disaster rescue plan - Research Paper Example Disaster rescue plan When more than one approach, strategy or disciple is adopted in handling a particular disaster incidence, we say a multi-disciplinary response has been adopted. According the Karimganj District Resource Inventory (2011), a â€Å"disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, and destruction and devastation to life and property.† Indeed for a large, cargo plane to be on fire prior to its scheduled flight is less than a disaster, which like all other forms of disasters, need rapid and urgent management solutions. As the emergency manager my very first approach towards handling such an aircraft disaster would be to contact all needed resource personnel and agencies whose duties are related to disaster management and control. Even before thinking of who and who would be part of the people to be contacted, I would first have in mind the need to make the agencies and personnel multi-disciplinary. In other words, I would form a multi-disciplinary committee. The n eed for constituting a multi-disciplinary committee lies in the following reasons: firstly, this would provide me the opportunity to tap and enjoy the different expertise and specialization of all the different agencies and personnel who will be contacted. This is because aircraft disasters are caused by a couple of factors, which demand the expertise and knowledge of as many intellectuals as possible. Constituting and multi-disciplinary committee would there put the identification of causes a step further, where by a more holistic approach would be taken by the different agencies. Secondly, a multi-disciplinary response has a greater probability of ensuring efficiency and speedy delivery of mandated task. This advantage is very important because aircraft disasters involve several precious lives and the public would certainly be itchy for information. For this reason, employing the responsibility of finding causes and scrutiny of extent of damage as well as the general management of the disaster into the hands of just a few people or agencies would make the public sit on thorns for long. Finally, a multi-disciplinary response would ensure credibility of findings and management task. This is so to speak because the collective conclusion drawn by many different experts from different backgrounds and with different duties about a single accident is more reliable than a single conclusion drawn by only one agency. Indeed it is for the reason of such advantages of multi-disciplinary response listed above that â€Å"in February 2005, the National Integration Center (NIC) gathered together several emergency management organizations to begin collaborating on NIMS implementation† (Federal Emergency Management Agency, 2007). With the above points in mind, as the emergency manager, I would the following agencies for finding causes into the disaster and managing the disaster. They would include the police, the national fire and rescue service, federal bureau of inve stigation (FBI), Red Cross society and the national media commission. Among these agencies, the national fire and rescue service would be the lead agency when I arrive. The national fire and rescue service would also be responsible for rescuing the crew and mitigating the fire. This is primarily because the fire and rescue service has a core mandate and responsibility of handling fire situations. Apart from the roles mentioned above that would be handed the fire and resc

Personal Development as a First Line Manager Essay - 2

Personal Development as a First Line Manager - Essay Example Typically, job description for first line managers include but not limited to; employees’ welfare duties, preparation of work schedules, direction of workflows, upward management of employees, and budgeting among others. Below is a personal development plan as a first line manager. Receive academic training on first line management courses, especially on the use of emerging tools and techniques in planning and delegation of duties. Also, receive coaching on development of upward management skills, especially on adherence to organizational values Attend seminars on topics like personal development planning and role assessment exercises. Also, online academic sessions on team dynamics will be beneficial, especially on the use of technology in assessing and maintaining team effectiveness Participate in online discussion forums and assess my proficiency based on technical rating of responses. Also, assess my competence by practically solving team conflicts through skills acquired in the online sessions In first line management, there are situations when multiple duties require relatively similar levels of prioritization. For example, a managing director may direct a first line manager to plan and direct workflows for completion of a batch production within a period of six hours. At the same time, the managing director needs the first line manager to submit a completed work schedule plan within a period of six hours. In addition, some employees require personal attention from the first line manager, which may consume at least two hours of the manager’s busy time schedule. In such a case, the first line manager is faced with multiple situations requiring immediate attention, all stuffed within a restrictive timeframe. Therefore, it is necessary to employ priority determination methods like the ABC Method. ABC Method enables first

Modern World Cinema Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Modern World Cinema - Essay Example In the past two and a half decades movie industry in Nigeria was in bad shape, most films produced then were of very poor Quality, just a few exceptions like those produced by Late Actors and producers, by name Chief Hubert Ogunde and Moses Olaiya a.k.a Baba Sala.These two actors took Nigeria movie across the Globe and they were largely applauded for their immense contribution to the Nigerian movie Industry. The films produced by Hubert Ogunde include Aiye and Jaiyesimi, all these films were masterpieces of their own time, and today these films are still available at special occasions in cinemas all over the country. Chief Hubert Ogunde single-handedly built a film village in Musan, Ogun State in Nigeria. The film village is equipped with state of the art African artifacts required to give Nigerian films the necessary African background and other required parafinaliars, the Structure is still there today for use.

The Brics In The Global System Economics Essay

The Brics In The Global System Economics Essay In 2006, as BRICs mania gathered momentum, the four governments, at the initiative of former Russian President Vladimir Putin, collectively lifted themselves from the pages of investment reports to hold their first foreign ministers meeting on the sidelines of the annual UN General Assembly session. After a second meeting of the four foreign ministers in New York in September 2007, the BRICs launched a consultative process at the level of deputy foreign ministers to foster regular contacts and multilateral diplomacy. By 2008 the four BRICs foreign ministers, and on a different track the finance ministers, established a process to hold regular meetings to discuss common approaches to international problems, including the global financial crisis. Again at Russias initiative, the four BRIC heads of state met in July on the sidelines of the G8 (the G7 plus Russia) summit in Japan and plans were laid for a formal summit to be held in the Ural mountains city of Ekaterinburg, Russia in June 2009. Despite the groups improbable beginnings, BRICs were on a roll. 2. Successive communiquà ©s from follow-on meetings enumerated demands for an adjustment of global governance structures to better reflect the BRICs rising share of global output, trade, and financial flows. Nearly 60 percent of the total 14 increase in world output in 2000-2008 took place in developing and transitional countries, half of which occurred in the BRICS; their share of global GDP during the same period rose from 16 to 22 percent. Current projections estimate that China will overtake Japan as the worlds second largest economy in about 2010, and within the next two decades the top three economies in the world are expected to be China, the U.S., and India, with Russia and Brazil moving higher within the top ten. 3. BRICS symbolises the collective economic power of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Together the BRICS account for more than 40 per cent of the global population, nearly 30 per cent of the land mass, and a share in world GDP (in PPP terms) that increased from 16 per cent in 2000 to nearly 25 per cent in 2010 and is expected to rise significantly in the near future. The Rise of BRICS 4. BRICS, the five of the most important rising economic powers in the early twenty-first century, have emerged individually as second-tier regional powers and collectively as a joint presence in world politics. Although BRICS diplomacy took wing under Western radar, it now features well-publicised regular summits, communiquà ©s summarising common positions and demands, and activities to promote peer learning and public diplomacy. Goldman Sachss analyses may have indirectly spawned an incentive to collaborate diplomatically, but the bank is not alone in identifying (and promoting) such trends. Even before the global economic downturn, attention had begun to focus on the post-American world, a non-polar world, and especially the rise of China. 15 5. The BRICS countries have a significant strategic position on their continents: the Americas, Asia, Europe and Africa. Taken together, these five countries account for approximately 30 per cent of the earths surface. The importance of this vast territory is related to the amount of their mineral, water and energy resources, the availability of fertile land for agriculture and their biodiversity. All five countries have intensively developed activities in these areas with varying degree of success. The relative importance of agriculture and extractive activities, the transformation of mineral and energy resources and the magnitude of the BRICS agro-diversity are shown by their share in global trade in commodities and in the evolution of industrial activities. Their rich biodiversity also provides the opportunity for the development of very dynamic industries such as pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. 6. The total population of the BRICS is even more significant than their territory. The BRICS percentage of global population remained constant at around 43 percent of the worlds total population over the period 1985-2005. Chinas share of the world population declined from 22.1 percent in 1982 to 19.6 percent in 2005. However the population of all the other BRICS except Russia increased. The most significant increase in population occurred in India, which had 17.4 percent of the world population in 2005. This large share of the population represents both a challenge ad a source of opportunities. Challenges that frequently occur in large populations are those to do with the provision of water, food, energy and sanitation, as well as with the health and education systems. Other undesirable challenges associated with the population problem take the form of unemployment and the high degree of inequality in the distribution of income. These problems are common to the five countries, where a significant portion of the population lacks access to essential goods and services, and demand urgent redress. Data available from the United Nations show that Brazil and South Africa are among the countries with the worst distribution of income and that India and Russia are among those with the 16 largest percentage of the population living below the poverty line, 28.6 percent and 30.9 percent respectively in the mid 2000s. Problems related to the perverse distribution of income and limited access to public services (education, health, housing and urban infrastructure, public safety etc.) are reflected in their low human development index. 7. Huge regional disparities in human and economic development are evident in all five countries. In general, the wealthier are those that are more industrialised. Regional redistribution of income and access to essential goods and services represent a significant challenge that these five countries have in common. 8. Regarding the structure and performance of production, the combined GDP of the BRICS (in terms of purchasing power parity) represented in 2007 approximately 23 per cent of world GDP, more than the United States. In that year, China and India accounted for 10.8 percent and 4.8 percent of world GDP respectively. The economic performance of the BRICS has, however, varied widely in the last decades. China has maintained the fastest growing economy worldwide. India has grown significantly and more regularly. Russia after experiencing a severe crisis in the 1990s, and being faced with significant disorganization of the socialist economy, began a phase of significant growth in this decade propelled by the role of oil and gas in the economy. Brazil and South Africa have seen a small improvement in their economic performance, also well below their potential. 9. The spectacular economic growth in China is mostly due to the competitiveness of its manufacturing sector. It is important to point out that the industrial system in China has diversified to a significant degree during the last 25 years. The most noteworthy change, in recent years, has been the growth in the consumer durables and electronics sectors. In China, the share of technologically 17 intensive sectors in industrial output during the middle of the present decade approached 35 percent of the total value added by the manufacturing sector. This share is between 14 percent and 17 percent in the other four countries. 10. All the BRICS have raised their export and import levels in the last two decades, both in volume terms and as a share of GDP. In China, Russia and South Africa, foreign trade reached, in 2002, more than 50 percent of GDP while in Brazil and India it represented approximately 30 percent of GDP. Except South Africa, which has not increased its share of world exports in the last ten years, all the other four countries experienced high growth in exports? On the import side, all five countries increased their share of world imports, with the exception of Brazil. 11. The BRICS have been the recipient of significant amounts of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the last 50 years. Prior to 1984, Brazil received the greatest amount of FDI of all the BRICS. Although China reached the same level in 1985, Brazil continued to be a major destination for FDI during the 1990s, most notably during the process of privatization that took place during that decade. 12. China became the largest recipient of FDI in the world beginning in1993. The Chinese policy of attracting multinational companies was part of a strategy to expand their technological knowledge and later to strengthen domestic industries and companies. In China and India, where the capital account was not liberalized, FDI seems to have been concentrated in new investments in production and innovation. The other BRICS countries i.e. Brazil, Russia and South Africa, where the economies were liberalized with fewer restrictions, received more portfolio investment. This demonstrates the economic and political importance of the BRICS. The increase in the degree of influence of these countries took place during a period marked by intense transformation in the economy and global society. One of 18 this is the integration in the economy and society of significant proportion of previously marginalised segment of the BRICS population. 13. The crisis that started to affect the world economy in 2007-2008 has repositioned the role and importance of the BRICS. In a new scenario characterised by geopolitical realignment and where the role and function of the state in the economy are being redefined, their economic weight has in fact increased. Also, their capacity to remain immune is seen as a relevant source of ideas about how to survive during the crisis and to find ways of overcoming it. The differentiated role of the BRICS in the configuration of global power and the global economy will in some way constrain the evolution of their domestic system for innovation. Also, their national system of innovation are highly dependent on their historical development and on how the different domestic actors interpret global developments as well as how they position themselves in the national and international economies. On the other hand, more room for manoeuvre for setting up new industrial and technological policies may be e xpected. Significance of BRICS 14. The BRICS countries have consistently displayed high annual growth rate since 1980. China has grown at about 9.8%, followed by India at around 5.8% and Russia also at about the same level as India, while Brazil showed 2.4% growth. In comparison, the large industrialized nations group of seven (G-7) have shown 2.7% average annual growth. China and India have shown sustained growth by maintaining significantly high growth rates over a long period. 19 15. BRICS share of the global economy has increased by 1.5% over the last decade. During the period 2000-03, the BRIC countries contributed 1.4% of the annual global growth rate of 3.3% at purchasing power parity. Over the period 1980-2003, the per capita GDP at purchasing power parity has grown twelve fold in China, quadrupled in India, more than double in Brazil. In Russia, per capita GDP has increased by 50% over the 1998 levels. This indicates an overall increase in prosperity in BRICs. Accordingly the living standards have gone up in the BRIC economies, and the gap between the BRICs and advanced economies is narrowing down.(page 32 Sujatha) 16. This is also perhaps the most opportune time for forging closer links, given that the world economy is in a state of flux and a rebalancing is taking place towards the emerging economies. Their pivotal role in the global recovery has already catapulted the BRICs into the leadership role, which needs further cementing through greater interface among economies. Key Indicators and Statistics http://www.globalsherpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/BRICs-Development-Indicators-e1304046996149.gif 20 17. Economic Growth and Development of the BRICs (a) From 2000 to 2008, the BRIC countries combined share of total world economic output rose from 16 to 22 percent. Together, the BRIC countries accounted for 30 percent of the increase in global output during the period. (b) To date, the scale of Chinas economy and pace of its development has out-distancebd those of its BRIC peers. China alone contributed more than half of the BRIC countries share and greater than 15 percent of the growth in world economic output from 2000 to 2008. The chart above on key development indicators for the BRIC countries shows the sharp contrast in GDP, merchandise exports and the UNDPs Human Development Index (HDI) between China and the other BRIC countries. 18. Growing BRIC Middle Class (a) The rapid economic growth and demographics of China and India are expected to give rise to a large middle class whose consumption would help drive the BRICs economic development and expansion of the global economy.   The charts below depict how the increase in the middle class population of the BRIC countries is forecasted to more than double that of the developed G7 economies.   21 http://www.globalsherpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/brics-middle-class-income-bracket-2020-goldman-sachs-5.10-300268.png http://www.globalsherpa.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/expanding-world-middle-class-goldman-sachs-5.10-300246.png

Blind Essay -- essays research papers

Have you ever been completely oblivious to a situation that is taking place right behind your back? You think that everything is going just fine in your perfect little world. You have everything planned out and it seems to be working out right on track. Then all of a sudden you discover something so devastating that it changes your whole life, and everything you worked at for nearly a year. This is exactly how I felt when I found out that my girlfriend had been cheating on me. I felt like everything I had worked so hard to establish had been gone, and that I was all alone.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My life was going along perfectly. I was in the middle of soccer season. My team was destined for the District Championship, and already claimed the Laurel Highlands Championship. I had an amazing girlfriend, who I cared for a lot, and thought she cared about me. She was a junior at Westmont, and also played soccer. She was slightly shorter than me with long blonde hair and beautiful blue eyes. I constantly spending time with her, despite all of my time spent practicing for soccer. My life was focused on her and keeping our relationship a happy one. There was not a day that went by that I did not take the time to at least talk to her for a while, no matter what I had to do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was the happiest time of my life. I was a totally different person. I was nicer to everyone, and cared a lot more about what was going on around me. Before my girlfriend I was just a quiet shy kid that did not really talk to anyone. She really helped me to come out and talk to people and be a lot nicer person. I was almost certain I finally had a relationship that I thought would last more than just a couple of months. Maybe this would even be the one person I would spend my life with. That’s how strong our relationship was. I was trying my hardest to make sure that this would be true.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For nearly a year, our relationship was amazing. Everything was working out perfectly. We had plenty of time to spend together and we were never really apart. I had just made the choice to come to UPJ meaning that I could be home and spend time with her. I would never make a choice that important, such as a college and my future based on another person, so that had nothing to do with it. Anyway, I would be staying here in the area so we would... ...blind to a situation. Before this had all happened I always used to think, wow, how stupid could someone be to not know that their girlfriend, or boyfriend, is cheating on them. Well, I guess I found out the hard way that it is not that easy to realize what is going on right behind your back.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Maybe I knew about it all along, maybe I am really not as blind as I think, maybe I was not clueless to it at all, and I just would not let myself believe that it was really true. How could someone that you care about so much, do something that heartless to you? It is almost unbelievable that a person can be that cruel. I spent a little over a year of my life caring and dedicating a great part of my life to this person. However, right behind me for nearly a month my life was drastically changing, and I had no idea of what was to come.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When my girlfriend cheated on me, I felt totally blind to the world. I was lost in my own world, and felt completely alone. The worst feeling I have ever experienced throughout my life was when this happened, and I hope I never have to go through anything like this again.

Becoming Gendered Essay

Davies argues that the sex role socialization theory does not adequately explain how we understand and become man and woman (p282). She concedes that the social structure with which man is entrenched; influence the conception of gender but the individual is as much a part of that process as the social environment. Davies says that man is an agent in his/her gendered identity, we choose to be masculine or feminine in the context of our social realities and that it is not tied to biology. In the movie Sabrina (1995), after being sent to Paris and transformed into a sophisticated woman of the world, David became enamored with her. David responded to her charms when she became feminine and did not notice her when she was boyish and ugly. Sabrina was masculine because she did not have a female figure to emulate, but within the same environment she was able to recognize the attraction she felt for the opposite sex and although it was depicted as a coming of age realization, socialization does not fully demonstrate the shift in gender roles (Rakow, 1986; 12). Davies was correct when she said that the individual is an active and engaged participant in becoming gendered (p284), Sabrina may have become feminine in her ways, but she was independent, headstrong and speaks her mind, all of which are masculine traits which she had imbibed while she was growing up. Davies (p289) suggested that we become gendered because it is what society expects, Sabrina has to be feminine because she was female and the world responds to that reality based on their conception of what is feminine and masculine. References Pollack, S. (Director). (1995, December 15). Sabrina, Constellation Entertainment. Davies, B. (2001). Becoming male or female. In S. Jackson & S. Scott (Eds.), Gender (pp. 280-290). London: Routledge . Rakow, L. (1986) â€Å"Rethinking Gender Research in Communication,† Journal of Communication, Volume 36, No. 4, pp.11-26.

Why Somali can be described as a Failed State

Why Somali can be described as a Failed State The concepts of state failure and collapse are now, than ever before, extremely important in the global arena. The realization that there exists a link between state failure and terrorism has been a major factor in creating awareness of the need to maintain secure states and prevent state failure.1Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Somali can be described as a Failed State specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rotberg posits that, ‘nation states have the responsibility of delivering positive political good to its citizens†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2 Specifically, nation states play the role of mediation between challenges and constraints of international communities with their own internal social, political and economic realities, besides organizing the interests of its people in furtherance of national values and goals3 Accordingly, states that fall short in these endeavors due to weaknesses, distress, collapse or failure, f ace diminished legitimacy in the citizens’ eyes and are viewed as failed states. Based on certain characteristics, Somali can be classified as a failed state. Somalia is listed in position one in the failed states Index 2011.4 Among the parameters used in identifying state failure include demographic pressures, refugees and IDPs, group grievance, human flight, poverty and decline, uneven development, public services, government legitimacy, and human rights and rule of law.5 Other indicators of failed states, according to the index are factionalized elites and external intervention6. In the hierarchy of political goods, human security is a core claim that citizens make upon the state, and it is at heart of the social contract between the nation and its people7. It is not surprising that the inability of a state to provide security is regarded as the first major indicator of state failure. Somali has experienced years of internal conflicts manifested in fighting between various rival warlords8. Lawlessness and clan warfare, since the overthrow of Siad Barre in 1991, has seen Somali to enjoy little peace indicating inability of government to provide security to its citizens9. Among the tenets of security, there are prevention of cross-border invasions and infiltrations, and loss of territory10. The loss of northern Somali leading to the formation of the relatively peaceful, but internationally unrecognized Somaliland is indication of failure to protect the state territory and further indication of state failure.Advertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Violence in Somali has permeated the society fiber for over two decades since the overthrow of Siad Barre in 199111. Enduring violence and not absolute intensity of violence is used to identify state failure.12 In these years, Somalia has faced enduring violence with most of the violence with roots in ethnic, linguistic and religious enmity. High crime rates and anarchy with warlords controlling great swathes of Somali territory are further indicators of the failure of Somali state. In describing failed states, Rotberg asserts that, ‘failed states are deeply conflicted, contested bitterly by warring factions, tense and dangerous†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢13This description perfectly depicts the situation in Somalia. From the warring clans, continuous fighting between warlords, to Islamic militias that pledge allegiance to the Al-Qaida terrorist organization, Somalia is a haven of conflicts. This has made Somalia a dangerous place even for its citizens. Such high levels of lawlessness have contributed to the rise in piracy menace in international waters. Other manifestations of state failure, that are also evident in Somaliland, include inability of state to adequately provide other political goods such as medical care, schools and education, physical infrastructures, channels of comme rce, communication infrastructure, civil society and so on, which are also lacking in Somalia14. Bibliography BBC Monitoring, ‘Somalia profile’, British Broadcasting Corporation, 2011, retrieved https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094503 The Fund for Peace. Failed State Index, 2011.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why Somali can be described as a Failed State specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rotberg, R I, ‘Failed States, Collapsed States, Weak States: Causes and Indicators’ in Walter, S, Clarke, Gosende, Robert. (ed.), State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror’ Brookings Institution Press, Washington, 2003, pp 1-25. Footnotes 1 R Rotberg, State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror, Brookings institution press, Washington, 2003, p. 1 2 Rotberg 2 3 BBC monitoring, Somalia profile British Broadcasting Corporation, 2011. 4 The Fund for Peace, Failed States Index, 2011 5 The Fund for Peace 6 The Fund for PeaceAdvertising Looking for essay on political culture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More 7 Rotberg 3 8 BBC monitoring 9 BBC monitoring 10 Rotberg 3 11 BBC monitoring 12 Rotberg 5 13 Rotberg, p. 5 14 Rotberg, p. 6

Macroeconomics Student Resource Center

Macroeconomics Student Resource Center This page contains links to the articles and links pages hosted on Economics at About.com. Most of the major topics in macroeconomics have at least one article associated with them, but this is a work in progress and more will be added every month. Most of the articles come from questions from readers, so if you would like to ask a question about macroeconomics, please use the feedback form. Be sure to also visit the Economics Glossary if youre looking for definitions, and Economics From A-to-Z for resources on other topics. The pages Macroeconomics Tips and Tricks and Macroeconomics Resources contain many links to other pages which contain macroeconomics information, so if what youre looking for is not here, Id suggest trying there. Term paper tips and topics can be found at Economics Term Paper Help. If you need practice economics questions, Test Yourself Macroeconomics (offsite) is the site to visit. Now to the resources! Business Cycles - Macroeconomics Beginners Guide to Economic Indicators and the Business CycleBusiness Cycle Links Economic Data - Macroeconomics Quarterly Economic DataImport and Exports Data Economic Growth - Macroeconomics The Effect of Income Taxes on Economic Growth Economic Indicators - Macroeconomics Beginners Guide to Economic Indicators Exchange Rates - Macroeconomics A Beginners Guide to Exchange RatesExchange Rates: What to Use as the Base?The Canadian Exchange Rate Financial Markets - Macroeconomics How Markets Use Information to Set PricesStock Market Resource CenterInsider Trading: What Did Martha Do?Interpreting The Price/Earnings RatioDo Changes in Stock Prices Cause Recessions?What Does The Value of the Dow Jones Represent?What is Arbitrage?When Stock Prices Go Down, Where Does the Money Go?Banking in IndiaFinance LinksStock Market Links Fiscal Policy The Logic of Collective Action Inflation and Deflation Cost-Push Inflation vs. Demand-Pull InflationDeflation Resource CenterWhy Dont Prices Decline During A Recession?What is Deflation and How Can It Be Prevented?Why Not Just Print More Money?Inflation Links Interest Rates The Dividend Tax Cut and Interest RatesInterest Rate Links Monetary Policy Expansionary Monetary Policy vs. Contractionary Monetary PolicyWhy Not Just Print More Money?Federal Reserve Links Money Money Resource CenterWhat Was The Gold Standard?What Is The Demand For Money?How Much Is The Per-Capita Money Supply?Why Does Money Have Value?Are Credit Cards a Form of Money?What is Arbitrage?When Stock Prices Go Down, Where Does the Money Go?Why Not Just Print More Money?Money Links Natural Resources We Will Never Run Out of OilSoftwood Lumber Dispute Resource Center Nominal and Real Variables The Difference Between Nominal and Real Recessions and Depressions Why Dont Prices Decline During A Recession?Do Changes in Stock Prices Cause Recessions?The Difference Between a Recession and a Depression Short Run vs. Long Run The Difference Between Short and Long Run Tariffs and Trade The Economic Effect of TariffsDoes Freer Trade Lead To Lower Environmental Standards?Softwood Lumber Dispute Resource CenterImport and Exports DataWhy Are Tariffs Preferable to Quotas? Taxes Fair Tax Resource CenterThe Effect of Income Taxes on Economic GrowthThe Dividend Tax Cut and Interest RatesTax Policy LinksWhy Are Tariffs Preferable to Quotas?The Economic Effect of Tariffs

EVALUATE THE MAIN EU REGULATORY REACTIONS TO THE FINANCIAL CRISIS Essay

EVALUATE THE MAIN EU REGULATORY REACTIONS TO THE FINANCIAL CRISIS INCLUDING THE CHANGES TO THE EU REGULATORY PROCESS FOR FINANCIAL SERVICES - Essay Example Evidently, the financial crisis began in the second quarter of 2006 in United States. To this end, there were significant losses registered banks in United States as a result of sub primal foreclosures of mortgages (Chrisdoulaki, 2010). Consequently, since the mega banks in European Union and United States were operating under business models which were similar, the financial distress facing the United States were replicated in the European Union. To this end, the mega banks located on both the European Union and United States suffered from under-capitalization and insufficient liquidity reserves. Evidently, the financial regulations of the European Union are carried out at the continental level as well as within the individual countries. The European regulatory response to the crisis was significantly slower to that of the United States. The onset of the decline in profits within the United States was immediately reflected by a similar decline in profits by E.U banks (Clark, Feldman , & Gertler, 2000). The German government and regulators in the finance industry requested the European Commission to bail them out within six months after the crisis began. The bail out of 9 billion Euros was granted and was directed at the IKB German Bank (Grote, & Marauhn, 2006). Furthermore, the governments of other member countries of the European Union pumped in capital within their financial institutions. Examples included the Northern Rock bank located in the United Kingdom. The fast pace of the spread of the financial crisis was not unexpected since most of the securitized United States debt was originated for distribution to European investors and institutions. To this end, the financial crisis that affected the European Union is blamed on the business model of â€Å"originate-to-distribute† that is synonymous with U.S banks (Mattoo & Sauve?, 2003). Evidently, the large international financial institution adopted this model which allowed the institutions to increase their lending power without disrupting the set capital standards by regulators. Moreover, this model created instruments such as credit default swaps, mortgages guaranteed by securities, and debt obligation that were collaterized (Ferran, 2012). In this regard, such instruments played a part in exploiting weaknesses evident in financial regulatory structures. In addition, under-written mortgages and securities, insufficient coordination within national regulatory bodies, and regulatory arbitrage by the regulators all played a role in undermining the regulatory structures (Smith, 2005). To this end, the challenge of identifying and enforcing effective measures in response to the financial crisis in the European Union has been slowed down since the financial regulations are normally carried out at the member country and European level ( Helleiner, Pagliari, & Zimmermann, 2010). In light of the financial crisis of 2007-2009, the subsequent sections will address the financial regulator y responses carried out by the European Union as well as changes to the EU regulatory process for financial services. Financial Regulatory Reform Plan by the European Union Following the financial crisis of 2007-2009, the European Parliament Committee for Economic and Monetary Affairs met on 21st July 2010. In this regard, they approved a version of The Dodd-Frank Act adopted by the United States. The new version would seek to improve the regulatory bodies for securities, pensions, insurance, and banking sectors. The Act would also have the authority to overrule national governments on pertinent issues. In addition, the plans by the

Chapter 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Chapter 4 - Essay Example Most clients who are interested in different adverts online will depend on the information that is provided by these companies to float their adverts. The information provided gives them an opportunity to understand the regions and durations when the adverts should ne floated. There are a.lso cellular providers that have now gotten into data mining. The signals amongst the best stations and the cellular users can be used to market products that are directed to specific phone users. The calling records are projected to be one of the assets to various marketers. However, it will depend on the possibility of the customers browsing the web and accessing some sites to purchase products online. Analysis of the market is necessary given that the company finds an opportunity to understand what the customers are likely to consume and at what quantities and durations. There are four main users of data mining to marketers currently, which includes; acquisition of the customers, analysis of the basket market, analyze customer abandonment and finally to enhance customer retention and