Aristotle Alchohol Abuse

An ethical issue that is debated in our society is the concern of driving while intoxicated.   Although this was naturally not the case during Aristotles time, many of his ethical beliefs can be applied to refute this dilemma.   I will prove the standing issue to be unethical through Aristotles discussion of virtue and his concept of voluntary/involuntary actions in the Nicomachean Ethics. Plagiarism Detection >Aristotle believed that of the virtues learned in our youth, each has a respective excess and deficiency.   The virtue is the mean (or midpoint) of the excess and deficiency.   The mean can be thought of as just right, and the extremities can be labeled as vices.   The mean should not be thought of as the geometric middle of the two vices- it varies between the vices, depending on the person.   Aristotle believed that the mean and the vices are within our control and of the two extremes (vices) we should choose the less erroneous.   It is not always easy to choose the less erroneous of the two.   For example, Bill decides he wants to drink this Friday night, but he has to drive himself home.   His choice of how much to drink lies between two vices: sobriety and drunkenness.   Although neither may be his intention for the evening, it is obvious that the less erroneous of the two is sobriety.   So much, then, makes it plain that the intermediate state is in all things to be praised, but that we must incline sometimes towards the excess, sometimes towards the deficiency; for so shall we most easily hit the mean and what is right   (Aristotle 387).Aristotle defines virtue (also known as excellence) of humankind as living in accordance with reason in the best kind of way.   Simply put, doing what is characteristic of a thing to do.   He argues that our reasoning, which is the foundation for our virtues, derives from habit and not from nature.Neither by nature, then, nor contrary to nature do excellences arise in us; rather w e are adapted by nature to receive them, and are made perfect by habit.   Again, of all the things that come to us by nature we first acquire the potentiality and later exhibit the activity(Aristotle 376)    Hence, all of the virtues that we believe are what we practice.   The point in mind is that all of our morals are instilled in us through the process of learning.   What we see others (whether adults, teachers, etc.) practice when we are children has a direct bearing on our thoughts and opinions.   We simply practice these thoughts and opinions in our day to day lives.   Thus, in one word, states arise out of like activities (Aristotle 377).   This may be the case with a child who is reared in an alcohol abusive family.   Say the childs father frequently drove while intoxicated and the child was lead to believe that this was okay.   Although this does not make it ethical, or lawful for that matter, for the child to drive drunk, it simply may have been a rea son why.   It makes no small difference, then, whether we form habits of one kind or of another from our very youth; it makes a very great difference, or rather all the difference   (Aristotle 377).   Although this may be the reason why in this situation, it does not justify the learned activity; this is the rationale of Aristotle.   Aristotle believed that although our actions are the results of our learning, virtue still involves rational choice.   He is saying that if we have not been taught what is the moral excellence (the midpoint of the two vices), of a particular action or behavior, we still have the ability to attain excellence through choice.   If a drunk driver chooses to continue driving drunk (the vice), he will never attain moral excellence.Aristotle believed that practicing virtue leads to a virtuous circle, in which the more you abstain from a vice, the easier it becomes to abstain.   Eventually, performing virtuous activities becomes habit.   Thi s again can be related to the topic at hand.   If an alcoholic (I am not assuming a person is an alcoholic simply because of driving drunk) decides to quit drinking, the first few months may be hard to cope with since the alcohol was the former solution to a problem.   As time goes on, alcohol is less and less thought of and has become easier to abstain from.   Sometimes there is not a mean for an action or passion because its name already implies its badness.   This is the case with drunk driving.   There is no moderate way to drive drunk, its name implies that it is an extremity.   By reason of being an extremity, Aristotle would condemn drunk driving:   It is not possible, then, ever to be right with regard to them (the extremities); one must always be wrong   (Aristotle 383).Further illustrating belief that driving drunk is not virtuous, Aristotle discusses the concept that in the case of drunkenness, an individual chooses the actions which affect his state of consciousness.   The choice to drink alcohol is voluntary because it involves reason and thought.   Therefore, virtue, and the vices of this virtue are within our power.   While our actions are labeled as voluntary, the outcomes can either be involuntary or non-voluntary.   Involuntary actions involve regret for actions done out of ignorance, while non-voluntary actions do not involve regret for actions done out of ignorance. Plagiarism Detection >Indeed, we punish a man for his very ignorance, if he is thought responsible for the ignorance, as then penalties are doubled in the case of drunkenness; for the moving principle is in the man himself, since he had the power of not getting drunk and his getting drunk was the cause of his ignorance.   (Aristotle 396)    If a man is knowing of what he does when he is sober, the very state of drunkenness makes him unjust (in respect to virtue) since he is ignorant in this state and he has voluntarily brought himself to drink .   Thus, if a man knowingly acts in a way that will result in his becoming unjust, he must be said to be voluntarily unjust   (Aristotle 396).Alcohol abuse is not debated in our society-we know it is wrong, yet this does not seem to stop our actions.   Aristotles view of alcohol abuse in the fourth century BC is the same as the outlook of the modern world but todays technological advancements have drastically increased the dangers of abuse.   Driving while intoxicated is a deep concern that is not taken lightly.   I have discussed why his ethical system proves that this is wrong, even though we know it is wrong.   The point in mind is that the problem will never cease to exist, we can only derive solutions and/or repercussions to deal with it.    Bibliography      Aristotle, A New Aristotle Reader.   Trans. J.L. Ackrill.   Princeton:   Princeton University    Press, 1989.

Change and Continuity in Contemporary Business Essay

Change and Continuity in Contemporary Business - Essay Example Denmark has flat organisational structure and informal work culture that facilitate in creating a comfortable working environment. The people of Denmark are straightforward in nature and wish for morality and honesty. The cost of living is quite high in Denmark due to its high salary structure. Furthermore, Danish managers generally have good understanding about satisfying the employees’ requirements. These are major internal aspects which influence on the business of Denmark. The external influences on businesses in Denmark include its strong regulatory system, good economic condition and stable political state. The tax structure in Denmark is comparatively high as the government of Denmark spends considerable money on social welfare activities. Globalisation has also influenced Denmark in numerous aspects. Globalisation is an unavoidable phenomenon which has both positive as well as negative influence on Denmark. On one side, globalisation has generated new prospects for con temporary business, but it also brings in challenges for organisations with respect to requirement of skilled workforce and capability for coping up with the competitors. However, Denmark is quite capable to manage the challenges of globalisation and take advantages of it. The influence of globalisation has been found on employment market, administrative policies, educational system, trade policies and business decision making. Denmark has effectively responded to globalisation’s impact. Due to globalisation, Denmark has reformed the monetary strategies. It has also reorganised the administration by reducing number of states and developing new regulations. Denmark’s entrepreneurship policies are also affected by globalisation with constant focus on entrepreneurial teaching and education. In order to maintain its position in the international economy, Denmark has close relationship with numerous international organisations. The immigration policies of Denmark have also changed considerably with increased focus on Danish language. The government has developed many new educational strategies in order to increase the competitiveness of people. Nevertheless, Denmark requires constant reformation of policies and strategies to get complete benefits from globalisation and tackle every challenge effectively. The government needs to ensure education for every Danish citizen. There is need for upgrading the educational curriculum. Furthermore, the government of Denmark must spend more on research and development functions to preserve the competitiveness of organisations. Strong regulations and effective policies are significant for Denmark to maintain its position in the world as a wealthy nation and retain the desirability of foreign companies. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 5 Literature Review 5 Critical Analysis 11 Conclusion and Recommendations 21 References 23 Bibliography 29 Introduction The report has been developed for analysing the contemporary business in Denmark. The aim of this report is to generate understanding about various internal as well as external factors of Denmark which can influence the business. The report includes position of Denmark in the world economy and influence of globalisation on its policies and decision making. Furthermore, the report also focuses on the effectiveness of Denmark in

Enterprise ebusiness strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Enterprise ebusiness strategy - Essay Example This will also ensure attendant benefits for the economy. The main impediment to the takeoff of B2B in the today's world is inadequate information and communications technology (ICT) infrastructure, as well as shortcomings in physical infrastructure, logistics and trade facilitation. A rapid growth in both e-commerce and Internet use is expected to continue. This applies especially in context to the developing world with low penetration rates. Internet use recorded a growth of 30% in 2001. It should be noted here that one third of all new users belong to the developing world. E-commerce is increasing in these countries at a very slow rate especially in the case of B2B comprising around 95% of all e-commerce. Source: PRESS RELEASE, 18 November 2002. TAD/INF/PR65. GOOD PROSPECTS FOR IT INDUSTRY IN 2003, PREDICTS UNCTAD; Developing world looks to e-business for growth. Asia Pacific Network Information Centre. Official website. Disintermediation is defined as the removal of intermediaries in a supply chain in terms of economics: "cutting out the middleman". companies may now deal with every customer directly like through the Internet instead of using traditional distribution channels having some type of intermediate like a distributor, wholesaler, broker, or agent. Drop in the cost of servicing customers directly is the most important feature. Disintermediation is the result of high market transparency where the buyers are aware of supply prices direct from the manufacturer. Buyers bypass all the middlemen like the wholesalers and retailers in order to buy directly from the manufacturer and thereby paying less money. Buyers can also select to purchase from wholesalers. A B2C intermediary functions as the bridge between buyer and manufacturer. A typical B2C supply chain is composed of four or five entities (in order): Supplier Manufacturer Wholesaler Retailer Buyer Source: wikipedia. Disintermediation. Review on an article on backend EC integration All enterprises are lining up into virtual alliances in order to remain competitive in the globalizing markets. Virtual enterprises constitute location-independent association of financial institutions, industrialist and many more aimed towards a shared goal. These networked organizations do integrate their value chain to enhance the customer-perceived added-value while sharing their resources in a more efficient way then ever. The paper by Ralf Reussner is entitled as Enhanced Component Interfaces to Support Dynamic Adaption and Extension. A new interface model for software components is presented in this paper that not only specifies static information but also semantic applicability information in order to ensure non-conflicting run-time behavior and to facilitate component adaptation. The paper by Niels Christian Jul compares two E-Commerce servers, IBM's NetCommerce and Microsoft's Site Server Commerce based on a B2B case study. It emphasizes on the integration of the servers

Things Fall Apart, by Chinua Achebe Essay -- things fall apart, chinua

Post colonialism deals with cultural identity in colonized societies and the ways in which writers articulate that identity. Things Fall Apart is a good novel that serves as a reminder of what Nigeria once was. It shows how a society can deal with change, how change affects the individuals of that society, and how delicate a change can be; so much so that the people themselves are surprised at the change. Things Fall Apart is an English novel by the Nigerian author Chinua Achebe which was published in 1957. Throughout the book the role of customs and traditions is very important and decides the fate of men, women, and children. Some of the customs practiced in this culture would certainly be frowned upon in the West yet are perfectly acceptable. It talks of the Ibo society. The protagonist of the novel is Okonkwo. He is a respected and influential leader within the Igbo community of Umuofia in eastern Nigeria. He first earns personal fame and distinction, and brings honor to his village, when he defeats Amalinze the Cat in a wrestling contest. The first part of the book deals with the proof of tribal life in Africa and the rise in power and authority of Okonkwo. The author highlights his strengths as well as his obsession with success. Okonkwo does not show any love in dealing with his three wives and children. This part reveals that Okonkwo actions are often irrational and imprudent, which will be the cause of his eventual fall. We learn about the traditions, superstitions and religious faiths of the villagers. The second part begins with Okonkwo exile to his mother’s land for seven years. This part also marks the entry of the white man into the lives of the African people. Though inwardly disappointed, Okonkwo begins a ne... ...Apart. London: Heinemann Press, 1958. The Women's Review of Books. 18 (July 2001): p30. From Literature Resource Center "When Things Fall Apart" StudyMode.com. 05 2002. 2002. 05 2002 Chua, John, and Suzanne Pavlos. Cliffs Notes on Things Fall Apart. 18 Jan 2014 Benjamin, Walter. â€Å"Critique of Violence.† Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings. Trans. Edmund Jephcott. Ed. Peter Demetz. New York: Schocken, 1978. 277–300. Print. George, Olakunle. Relocating Agency: modernity and African letters. Albany: SU of New York p, 2003. Print. Mbembe, Achille. On the Post colony. Berkeley: U of California P, 2001. Print. Ogede, Ode. Achebe’s Things Fall Apart: A reader’s Guide. New York: Continuum, 2007. Print. Chinua Achebe - Chinua Achebe - Things Fall Apart: A Novel - New York - Broadway Books - 1994

Organizational Behavior Assignment

Since this business has been around and owned by my family for over 40 years, we still have leadership harries from 40 years ago that has kept them going for so long. We have adapted new leadership theories from the times changing but most of them have stuck. The owner in our business it not really a leader, since she is retired from her other job, it is up to the manager to lead the employees in the right direction. Some of the aspects of leadership that has stuck with the business over the years would be, what the main focuses are (the customers), the training process and how the manager interacts with the employees.In this business it is like a family so there is a close relationship between the anger and the employees. I believe the theory that best goes along with this family business would be a combination of traditional and contemporary. We have many factors of the traditional but also contemporary because we are always trying to keep up with what is going around us but we als o are stuck with the old leadership from 40 years ago that has gotten us this far in the business. Overall, each leadership will work but for different businesses. You need to find the one that will work the best for you business.Working at a family business creates a lot of stress for not only the family UT the employees also. Since there is only five employees it is hard to get off or call in sick at times; this causes stress between the employees and we have been able to figure a way out to create less stress. We have a sheet where people can list when they need off and another list that people can sign up for the hours that are going to need to be filled. It is almost as if the employees have control but we just put the outline there. Next there is the job roles, each and every person does everything, not just one part.This causes stress sometimes because the employees are not sure what to do first hen there is so much work to get done. We recently fixed this problem, making a l ist of priorities. So when there are many tasks to get done they know what to do first and then they can work their way down the list Also we have made it so if they do not get something done, that list gets passed down to the next shift. I have noticed that this has lifted a lot Of stress Off of all the employees because they have some type of structure and order. The one good aspect that I have noticed in this business is that there are great working conditions.Customers and employees have mentioned that they love working here because of the working conditions and they feel safe and their moods are brought up. The next part of stresses would be within each worker themselves. This honestly has been a hard one to overcome with this business. The top one would be type of personality; the manager here has the type of personality that it is their way or no way. That is good that they have a strong head on their shoulders but that is not always good for a business. When she is around ev erything gets done but all the employees are extremely stressed out when she is here.We have tried to fix this problem but it has not been successful. This is why family business can be hard to work for sometimes, each family member has their own personality and sometimes it clashes and it would be hard on the family if you had to fire them. Other than the type of personality, the individual stresses are not really an aspect at this business. Overall, stresses are a huge part in a business and the faster you catch it the easier it is to fix the problem or work with it to work around it. Group work is a large part in any business.For Franks Beer Stein, it makes up the whole business; since there are no specific tasks dedicated to any specific person, it all takes teamwork to get everything done. We have many steps to make sure everyone is working together; the top one would be everyone's mood that day. We have a policy that you leave your problems at the door unless it deals with wor k itself. If you have a problem with work you can either call the manager or the owner to talk about the problem. This has seemed to work so far, and there has been a huge turn around while everyone is working together.Next would be make a list of what needs to get done and you assign people to do a certain task so everyone knows what each person is doing and does not get frustrated when you do not know where everyone is. Finally, like mentioned before, if the list is not completed by the time your shift is over, that is k, you hand it off to the next shift and so forth. This way it relieves the stress of having to get everything done and rushing instead of taking your time and doing it correctly. Overall, that is not many steps but being a small business it has seemed to work wonderful here ND could possibly work at other companies.There are many potential sources of conflict within a group; these link with the five conflict management styles. The first one is competing; this would be when the workers are competing to either finish first or do a better job. Either way the work is not going to be done the way it should on one of the sides. Also, this would not be working together in a group but working against each other, which from experience does not turn out to be good. Next there is compromising; this would be where to parties would not agree and end up owing to an agreement which they would fall short on each side because they had to come to an agreement.I have never experienced this at my work but if it came to that no one would be making progress so there would have to be changes. Then there is avoiding which I have seen many times and it always has ended horribly. When two or more people would avoid someone because of either they did not get along or they are avoiding a problem that is going on. This overall is not a good thing if you are avoiding something or someone that means something is not getting done at your job and it could urn out with someon e getting fired just because of not facing the problem but rather avoiding it.Next there is accommodating; when you are doing things the way someone else says and it could be working against your full potential. Finally there is collaborating this could be good and it could also be bad. This would be teamwork but two people coming together to work on both of your tasks. This could take up more time because you both are working on one task at a time but it also could make sure you are doing everything correctly because you have two eyes on what you are working on.Overall, most of these management styles are huge conflicts but some can also be good at times to. There are many barriers in communication but there is always a way to fix it. One barrier would be cultural; this is when Someone knows their own culture but not another persons, this could lead to them understanding something differently then one another. This could highly impact teamwork because if a task is said and they mea n one thing but the other person heard it differently, this could impact the relationship and business.The one person would think hat they did it wrong but they could have done exactly what they heard and understood. One way of addressing this would be writing things down and showing at the same time. This will make sure they understand because they will see what you said and physically see what to do, this will limit a lot of problems with cultural barrier. Another barrier would be biases; this would be if someone does not talk to another person because they think that they will not understand or agree with us. This aspect is very common and could effect the teamwork.If you are working with a couple people and you always talk to the same person because in your conscious you know that they are most likely to understand you the most, other employees could see this and it could cause a problem. I have personally seen this happen is my work, with different ages and different genders of the employees. Other employees might get mad or think that you do not like them which would create a whole different situation. A way to solve this would be try' to see who you talk to the most and try and talk to everyone else instead, equally.It would make everyone feel like they are involved and that you do not just favor one person over the rest. Overall, most businesses have these communication problems and there are many different ways to work around them and fix them. But if you do not fix them when they first start happening it could grow into a much larger problem and would be so much more stress on the whole company. Furthermore, there are many problems and conflicts that can come across in every business. Many people thin their lifetime will see most of them and might not even realize what the true problem is.

A P Character Analysis - 930 Words

Impending Reality In John Updike’s short story â€Å"A P†, a dynamic and round character expresses his subjective attitude towards his views, a plot twist causes him to realize his future. Sammy an opinionated cashier at A P grocery store does not agree with his Lengel, his manager after he reprimands a particular group of customers at the store. Sammy’s further actions cause him to face the true reality of his future. Sammy who is nineteen years old, is working his usual shift at A P. Suddenly a group of three girls walk into to store barefoot wearing bathing suits. He is instantly shocked when he glances upon their beauty. In no time, Sammy is carefully looking over and describing in detail the girl’s appearance. The first girl was†¦show more content†¦Sammy surmises how he will never know for sure how girls’ minds work, he says â€Å"do you really think it’s a mind in there or just a little buzz like a bee in a glass jar?â₠¬  I personally believe that Sammy is attracted to the girls in a way that he undermines their intelligence because he feels their beauty is beneath him. He criticizes the way they walk and their appearance, but perhaps he is jealous of them, thus making this remark. What truly gets the attention of Sammy is Queenie’s pink bathing suit that had straps that were pushed off which exposed her bare shoulders. He describes that with the straps down you can see just â€Å"her† and how she was â€Å"more than pretty.† Customers of A P are in shock when they witness the girls’ appearance in the store. Stokesie, another cashier at A P who is only three years older than Sammy, is married with two kids. He does not resist fantasizing over the girls. He makes commentary along with Sammy, again clearly displaying the mindset of that age group. The store is quiet, Sammy is anxiously awaiting the girls to come into view as there is nothing else to do. He fabricates s cenarios in his head such as which check out aisle they will choose when their shopping has concluded. When the time came Sammy had lucked out, they had decided to check out with him. In a daze, he carefully watched every movement they made as items were placed on the counter. At the peak of the moment Lengel, the manager and strictShow MoreRelatedEssay on A P: A Character Analysis of Sammy734 Words   |  3 Pagesgrowth of the main character from childhood to maturity. This is a prototype of John Updikes short story, A P, the protagonist, Sammy, is faced with a difficult dilemma, and comes to realize a universal truth about human behavior. Sammy comes to understand that the world is an unusual place and that irrational choices based on impulse are not the best way to solve personal issues. The controversy between Sammy and his boss, Lengel, takes place one hot summer day in an A P, located five milesRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of A P By John Updike1141 Words   |  5 PagesThe narrative â€Å"AP† by John Updike explicitly takes you into the world of the main character, Sammy. When you first meet Sammy, it seems as though he gives the reader a straightforward explanation as to why he quits his job at the grocery store. He even goes as far as to blame his actions on how Lengel, the manager, embarrassed the girls in the store. Upon Sammy defending the girls, he refers to himself as their â€Å"unsuspected hero†, however some may not see this as fit. 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She goes on to say that this is the main reason why media distort reality; it creates a false image of the representation that is outside the media world. In Television women continue to be predominantly lacking and many people are wondering who is to blameRead MoreAnalysis Of Orientalism, Criticizes And Confronts The Ideas Of Truth And Representation, By Edward Said1642 Words   |  7 PagesEdward Said in his book Orientalism, criticizes and confronts the ideas of truth and representation, â€Å"it is not ‘truth’ but representation† (p. 29). Our representations of the world do not always hold truth. Western countries, such as the US, have sculpted a media in which the enemy of the East, is at the forefront and represents an entire population and geographical location as something to fear. Said explains this as an â€Å"us vs. them† scenario â€Å"On the one hand there are Westerners, and on the other

What Is Solifluction

Solifluction is the name for the slow downhill flow of soil in arctic regions. It occurs slowly  and is measured in millimeters or centimeters per year. It more or less uniformly affects the whole thickness of the soil rather than collecting in certain areas. It results from the complete waterlogging of sediment rather than short-lived episodes of saturation from storm runoff. When Does SolifluctionOccur? Solifluction happens during the summer thaw when the water in the soil is trapped there by frozen permafrost beneath it. This waterlogged sludge moves downslope by gravity, helped along by freeze-and-thaw cycles that push the top of the soil outward from the slope (the mechanism of frost heave). How Do Geologists Identify Solifluction? The major sign of solifluction in the landscape is hillsides that have lobe-shaped slumps in them, similar to small, thin earthflows. Other signs include patterned ground, the name for various signs of order in the stones and soils of alpine landscapes. A landscape affected by solifluction looks similar to the hummocky ground produced by extensive landsliding  but it has a more fluid look, like melted ice cream or runny cake frosting. The signs may persist long after arctic conditions have changed, as in subarctic places that were once glaciated during the Pleistocene ice ages. Solifluction is considered a periglacial process, as it only requires chronic freezing conditions rather than the permanent presence of ice bodies.